Chemical substrates are available for a variety of applications, including immunohistochemistry, immunoassays, Western blotting, and functional assays. Substrates for the common antibody labels horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) include ECL, TMB, DAB, ABTS, AEC, and pNPP, BCIP/NBT and Fast Red, respectively. Upon reacting with the enzyme labels, these substrates enable visualization or measurement of target proteins through visible color, fluorescence or chemiluminescence. Luciferin, among other luciferase substrates, is a key component of luciferase reporter assays for gene expression. Substrates for beta-galactosidase, another type of reporter, include X-Gal, X-Gluc, and ONPG. Tetrazolium salts (MTT, XTT, MTS, WST) are dehydrogenase substrates commonly used in cell-based assays for detecting live, actively metabolizing cells. Caspase substrates are largely short, fluorescently-labeled peptides that enable visualization of caspase activity. The Biocompare substrates search tool aims to simplify the browsing for various substrates used in biomedical research.
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