Fig 2: Distribution of particle counts and EV biomarker levels in plasma ADEVs. (A) Distribution of ADEV particle counts measured by nano-flow cytometry (NFCM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). (B) Distribution of five EV biomarkers (CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101, and Alix) in ADEVs

Fig 3: Isolation and characterization of peripheral circulating exosomes. (A) TEM images of serum-derived exosomes isolated from LPS-induced septic mice and control mice. Scale bar = 200 nm. (B) NTA of isolated exosomes from septic mice–derived exosomes (sep-Exo) and control mice–derived exosomes (con-Exo), showing the particle size distribution profile. (C) NTA quantification of serum exosome concentrations in control and LPS-treated mice (n = 6). (D) Western blot analysis of exosomal marker proteins CD9, CD63, and TSG101 in the isolated exosomes

Fig 4: Increased circulating exosome levels in patients with SALI are positively correlated with serum AST and ALT levels. (A–C) Plasma concentrations of exosomal markers CD63 (A), CD9 (B), and TSG101 (C) were measured using ELISA in healthy controls, septic patients without liver injury, and patients with SALI. (D–F) Correlation analyses of exosomal markers CD63 (D), CD9 (E), and TSG101 (F) with serum levels of AST in patients with SALI. (G–I) Correlation analyses of exosomal markers CD63 (G), CD9 (H), and TSG101 (I) with serum levels of ALT in patients with SALI. (J–L) Correlation analyses of exosomal markers CD63 (J), CD9 (K), and TSG101 (L) with serum levels of LDH in patients with SALI. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001