Fig 1: Induction of airway tissue TRM following aerosol or i.m. vaccination.(A) Representative dot plots of airway antigen–specific CD4+ and CD8+ TRM at wk2 in LD aerosol participants. (B) Frequencies of airway antigen–specific IFN-?+CD4+ TRM coexpressing CD69 and CD103 surface markers at various time points in LD aerosol, HD aerosol, and i.m. vaccine cohorts. (C) Frequencies of airway antigen–specific IFN-?+CD8+ TRM coexpressing CD69 and CD103 at various time points in LD aerosol, HD aerosol, and i.m. vaccine cohorts. (D) Comparison of frequencies of airway antigen–specific CD4+ and CD8+ TRM coexpressing CD69 and CD103 at 8 weeks after LD and HD aerosol vaccination. (E) Representative dot plots of peripheral blood antigen–specific IFN-?+CD4+ T cells expressing CD49d at wk2 from LD aerosol participants, and frequencies of circulating antigen-specific CD4+ T cells expressing CD49d at various time points in LD aerosol, HD aerosol, and i.m. vaccine cohorts. (F) Representative dot plots of airway antigen–specific IFN-?+CD4+ T cells expressing CD49d at wk2 from LD aerosol participants, and frequencies of airway antigen–specific CD4+ T cells expressing CD49d at various time points in LD aerosol, HD aerosol, and i.m. vaccine cohorts. (G) Comparison of frequencies of airway antigen–specific IFN-?+CD4+ T cells coexpressing CD49d at the peak time point in LD aerosol, HD aerosol, and i.m. vaccine cohorts. Data in dot plots are expressed as the mean value (horizontal line) with 95% CI. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test (B, C, E, and F) was used to compare various time points with baseline values within the same vaccination group. Mann-Whitney U test (D and G) was used when comparing between vaccination groups.