Fig 2: Effects of DADLE on the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 and the expression levels of MKK7 and JNK in intestinal epithelial cells subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. (A) Protein expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were determined using western blotting. (B) Western blotting results were analyzed using Gel-Pro Analyzer 4.0 software. (C) Protein levels of p- and total MKK7 and JNK were analyzed using western blotting. (D) Western blotting results were analyzed using Gel-Pro Analyzer 4.0 software. *P<0.01, compared with the model group. Each independent experiment was repeated in triplicate. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. DADLE, (D-Ala2, D-Leu5)-enkephalin; Model, ischemia/reperfusion. p-, phosphorylated; MKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase.

Fig 3: Protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, p-JNK, NF?B, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-a in the hippocampus of the control group (Con), high-fat diet group (HF), and HF with teasaponin treatment group (HF + TS) (n = 12 per group). *p < 0.05 compared to the Con group, # p < 0.05 compared to the HF group, values are means ± SEM.

Fig 4: Effects of GA on the phosphorylation of MAPKs in TNF-a-stimulated VSMCs.(A) The mouse VSMCs, MOVAS-1 cells, were incubated with TNF-a (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of GA (25 and 50 µM) for 30 min. (B) MOVAS-1 cells were incubated with GA and TNF-a (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (20 µM), the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (10 µM), and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (10 µM). MAPKs protein levels were determined by western blot assay. Results are shown as means ± SEM from a representative experiment (n = 5). *p<0.05 significantly different from the group treated with TNF-a.