Fig 2: MBP immunohistochemistry was used to measure MBP in the claustrum after IVH induced at P2 or P5. A-C IVH in P2 animals did not induce a significant reduction in MBP. D–F IVH in P5 animals induced a significant reduction in MBP. * = p < 0.05, n = 4–5 per group. This indicates that IVH induced at P5, but not P2, causes chronic changes in MBP in the claustrum.

Fig 3: Physical exercise reduced myelin damage in rats with CCH. (A) Representative images of luxol fast blue (LFB) staining in the corpus callosum and caudate nucleus at 28 days after 2VO. Bar = 20 μm. (B) White matter (WM) grading-score histograms of each group. (C) Representative images of SMI32 (red) and MBP (green) immunofluorescence double labeling in corpus callosum (Bar = 50 μm) and caudate nucleus (Bar = 20 μm). (D,E) The fluorescence intensity of SMI32, MBP and SMI32/MBP of each group. Calculated as fold change over sham. Data represent the means ± SEM. n = 6. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. MBP, myelin basic protein; SMI32, non-phosphorylated neurofilament H protein.

Fig 4: GM1 administration prevented the elevation in MAG expression in the brains of B-TB1 mice.Cortex (A) and hippocampus (B) protein extracts (separate samples) prepared from sham or B-TBI animals at 72 h post injury were subjected to gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblot analysis using antibodies against MAG or MBP. The expression level was evaluated by densitometry analysis. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant elevation in MAG expression following blast (Tukey post hoc test). This elevation was completely blocked by GM1 treatment (2 mg/kg;ip). Cortex: [F(2, 24) = 13.4; p = 0.0001]; hippocampus: [F(2,24) = 11.14, p = 0.001). MBP (myelin basic protein), on the other hand, was not altered by the blast or by GM1 treatment.

Fig 5: White matter injury recovered gradually from Day 7 after tMCAO.A Representative DTI axial views of the same mouse brain pre-tMCAO and on the 7, 14, and 30 Day post-tMCAO. Green arrowheads pointed EC. B Quantification of FA value expressed as the ratio of ipsilateral values to the contralateral values. n = 6. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 versus Pre-tMCAO group, ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 versus tMCAO 7 Day group. C Schematic diagram of the observation position on the cortex and the striatum of brain slices after tMCAO or sham operation. D The ratios of SMI32 to MBP staining intensity in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum chronologically. n = 6. ***p < 0.001 compared to sham group in the cortex, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, and ###p < 0.001 compared to sham group in the striatum. E Immunofluorescence staining of SMI32 (red) and MBP (green) in the cortex and the striatum area of sham or 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 30th Day after tMCAO. Scale bars, 20 μm. For all error bars (B, D), mean values ± SEM.