Fig 2: Presence of VV at the injury sites in the tunica media under prolonged hyperlipidemia. (A) Corresponding aortic tissue sections positive for lipid clusters (described in Figure 3A) were stained by immunofluorescence for detecting VV (CD105, red), and nuclei DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 100 µm. (B) Bar graphs show quantification of the area positive for VV in the indicated groups (mean ± SEM, n = 3, ****p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA test). (C) Tissues as shown in (A) were stained for VV (CD105, red) and mature endothelia (CD31, green). Representative micrographs are shown. Arrows: areas positive for VV, lacking the expression of CD31, a marker for mature endothelia. TA, tunica adventitia; TM, tunica media; TI, tunica intima; L, lumen. Scale bar: 100 µm.