Fig 2: Acute effects of AßOs on total levels of proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics. (A) Mfn1 and (B) DRP1 western blot of lysates from PC12 cells treated with FCCP (10 µM, 2 h) and AßOs (0.5 µM, 1 and 2 h). A dotted line on the western blot indicates different regions of the same gel. (C, D) Quantification of Mfn1 and DRP1 levels normalized to beta actin. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared between the control group. One-way ANOVA with the Dunnett's multiple comparisons test was used for all statistical analyses. Mfn1, mitofusin 1; DRP1, dynamin-related protein 1. (n = 4–5 for each group) (original gel blot are provided on Supplementary Figure 2).

Fig 3: Immunofluorescence analysis of hippocampal mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial dynamic proteins in seven-month-old hAbKI mice and treated hAbKI mice with Urolithin A and EGCG. (A) Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative immunofluorescence analysis of hAbKI mice treated hAbKI mice with Urolithin A and EGCG. (B) Drp1 and Fis1 levels were significantly decreased in the treated hAbKI mice with Urolithin A and EGCG.

Fig 4: Oocyte Mitochondrial function.[A] Abnormal mitochondrial metabolism in HFD denuded GV oocytes. A. Individual oocytes were assayed for ATP [left] and Citrate [right] levels [mmoles/kg wet weight/oocyte]. Only citrate levels were significantly different in the HFD [black bar] oocytes. *p<0.01. [B] Western immunoblot of denuded oocytes from control vs HFD mice reveal relatively higher protein expression of PGC-1α and Drp1 in the HFD group. [C] Immunofluorescent detection of Drp1 protein in denuded oocyte from Control vs HFD fed mice shows perinuclear staining in control vs diffuse cytoplasmic staining respectively. Negative control with no primary antibody is also included. [D] Mitochondrial DNA copies numbers in denuded oocytes from HFD vs Control mice demonstrates increased mtDNA in the HFD group. *P<0.01.

Fig 5: Effect of high insulin on BHB induced protection of mitochondria in HK2 cells cultured under low glucose culture. (A) Expression of PGC1a, Mfn1, and Drp1; (B, C) Quantitative results of protein and gene expression of PGC1a, Mfn1, and Drp1, respectively; (D–H) Changes of ROS, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, the mitochondrial number changes, and intracellular BHB content. ap < 0.05, compared with the LG+BHB group; bp < 0.05, compared with the LG+HI group.