Fig 2: Blockage of TNF-a rescued mitochondrial injury in the RVLM neurons of SIH rats. The expression of A TNFR1 and B TNFR2 was determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR assays in the RVLM of control + vehicle, SIH + vehicle, and SIH + R7050 rats. C Representative immunoblot bands and quantitative analysis showed the expression of p-AMPK and Sirt3 in the RVLM between the three groups. D Representative images of MitoEGFPmCherry labeling in the RVLM of different groups, and quantitative analysis of the degree of mitochondrial injury was evaluated as the ratio value of mCherry-ONLY/total mCherry puncta. Scale bar = 10 µm. E Representative immunoblot bands and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (complexes II-SDHB, III-UQCRC2, and V-ATP5A) in the RVLM in control + vehicle, SIH + vehicle, and SIH + R7050 groups. F Representative fluorescence images of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection and statistical data of ROS production in the RVLM between the three groups. Scale bar = 100 µm. G The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were quantified by using commercial kits in each group. Data were shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni test (A–G). n = 3 rats per group (A, C, E). n = 6 rats per group (B, G). n = 12 slices from 6 rats, two slices per rat (D, F). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. SIH + Vehicle group. ns means nonsignificant vs. SIH + Vehicle group