Fig 1: Inflammatory macrophages activate fibroblasts and promoting fibrosis. (A) The weight of interactions between macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells identified by CellChat analysis. (B) Schematic representation of experimental design. 3T3‐L1 fibroblasts were treated with the culture supernatant of RAW‐NC‐CS, RAW‐Cd‐CS, RAW‐NC‐EV, RAW‐Cd‐EV groups and named FB‐NC‐CS, FB‐Cd‐CS, FB‐NC‐EV, FB‐Cd‐EV, respectively. (C) TGFβ, Smad2, and Col1a1 mRNA expressions from fibroblasts in each group were analyzed by RT‐qPCR. (D‐E) Western blot analysis of TGFβ, Smad2, p‐Smad2, Col1a1, and Col3a1 in each group fibroblasts. (F) Immunofluorescent staining for Col1a1 in each group fibroblasts. Results represent mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, n = 3.