Fig 1: IAV infection leads to apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in lung tissue.A The mRNA levels of HMGB1, S100A8, and S100A9 in lung homogenates on 5 dpi (n = 5). B Western blot analysis of PANoptosis- and cell death-associated proteins in lung tissues, including ZBP1, RIPK1, phosphorylated RIPK1 (p-RIPK1), RIPK3, phosphorylated RIPK3 (p-RIPK3), MLKL, phosphorylated MLKL (p-MLKL), AIM2, caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, NLRP3, GSDMD, GSDMD-NT, ASC, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, cleaved caspase-8, and FADD. C Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 (green) in lung sections of mice. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 150 μm. The above data shows an average ± SD. ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared to the control group.