Fig 2: GPbb versus GPmm regulation of VMN GABA neuron total and phosphorylated AMPK protein expression. Western blot analysis of rostral (left-hand column), middle (middle column), and caudal (right-hand column) VMN GABA neurons was performed to determine effects of GP isoform knockdown on total AMPK and pAMPK protein expression during glucostasis versus glucoprivation. For each VMN segment, data show mean normalized AMPK (A, C, E) or pAMPK (B, D, F) protein OD measures ± SEM for GAD-immunopositive neurons collected from SCR-, GPbb-, or GPmm siRNA-pretreated animals after sc injection of V or INS. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Fig 3: Eu- and hypoglycemic patterns of VMN glycogen metabolic enzyme protein expression in SCR versus aromatase siRNA-pretreated male rats. Data depict mean normalized glycogen phosphorylase (GP)-brain type (GPbb; (A–C)), GP-muscle type (GPmm; (D–F)), and glycogen synthase (GS; (G–I)) protein O.D. values + S.E.M. for SCR siRNA/V (solid white bars; n = 4), SCR siRNA/INS (diagonal-striped white bars; n = 4), AROM siRNA/V (solid gray bars; n = 4), AROM siRNA/INS (diagonal-striped gray bars; n = 4) treatment groups. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

Fig 4: NE Regulation of Glycogen Phosphorylase-Brain Type (GPbb) and GP-Muscle Type (GPmm) Protein Expression in Male versus Female Astrocytes. Bars denote mean normalized GPbb [male, Figure 2A; female, Figure 2B] or GPmm [male, Figure 2C; female, Figure 2D] astrocyte protein O.D. measures ± S.E.M. after treatment with O (white bars) versus 0.1–1000 nM NE (gray bars). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Fig 5: VMN GPbb versus GPmm regulation of plasma glucose concentrations and basal and hypoglycemia-associated patterns of counter-regulatory hormone secretion. Data show mean glucose (A), glucagon (B), and corticosterone (C) concentrations ± SEM for the following treatment groups: SCR/V (solid white bars), GPbb siRNA/V (diagonal-striped white bars), GPmm siRNA/V (cross-hatched white bars), SCR/INS (solid gray bars), GPbb siRNA/INS (diagonal-striped gray bars), and GPmm siRNA/INS (cross-hatched gray bars). *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.