Fig 1: Neutrophils from TBI patients are primed to form NETs.(A–D) The circulating NET markers cfDNA, MPO-DNA, NE-DNA, and citH3-DNA were measured in plasma samples from control individuals (n = 34), noncoagulopathic TBI patients (n = 68), and coagulopathic TBI patients (n = 60) by ELISA. (E) CD66b+CD41+ events, defined as neutrophil-platelet aggregates (NPAs), were detected in samples from each group. (F) The proportion of NPAs in each group. Control neutrophils were incubated with PRP from each group. (G and H) The proportion of NETs was significantly elevated in cells incubated with platelet-rich (PLT-rich) plasma from coagulopathic patients. (I and J) Control neutrophils treated with platelets from each group were quantified to determine the percentage of NET-releasing cells. Scale bars: 15 μm (H and I). One representative out of 6 (G) independent experiments is shown. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 by Brown-Forsythe and Welch’s ANOVA test (A, C, and G), Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple-comparison test (B and D), or 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (F and J).