Fig 2: Alternatively activated macrophages are localized proximately to GBM-associated ECs. a–d Tissue sections from human normal brain and surgical specimens of human glioma tumors were probed with different antibodies. a GBM tumor sections were stained with anti-CD68 and anti-CD206 antibodies. Representative images are shown (n = 5 GBM patient tumors). Bar represents 100 µm. Zoom-in factor: 4. b GBM tumor sections were stained with anti-CD68 and anti-CD163 antibodies. Representative images are shown (n = 5 patient GBM tumors). Bar represents 100 µm. Zoom-in factor: 4. c Normal brain and GBM tumor sections were stained with anti-CD68 and anti-CD206 antibodies. Quantified data are shown (total n = 4 normal brains and 21 glioma tumors, mean ± SEM). d GBM tumor sections were stained with anti-CD31, anti-CD206, and anti-CD68 antibodies. Representative images are shown (n = 5 patient GBM tumors). Arrows indicate CD68+CD206+ cells. Bar represents 100 µm. Zoom-in factor: 4. e, f GBM was induced by RCAS-mediated gene transfer in Ntv-a;Ink4a-Arf-/-;Ptenfl/fl;LSL-Luc mice, followed by orthotopic tumor transplantation into Rosa-LSL-tdTomato;Tie2-Cre mice. e Experimental procedure. f Thick sections were stained with anti-F4/80 and anti-CD206 antibodies, and subjected to confocal scanning imaging. 3-D images were generated and shown. Bar represents 200 µm. Zoom-in factor: 1.6

Fig 3: SARS-CoV-2 infection increases mTORC1 activity.a mTORC1 activity is increased in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero kidney epithelial cells. Protein was extracted from Vero cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 h and immunoblotted for the indicated proteins (representative of two biological independent samples). b mTORC1 activity is increased in ALI mucociliary cultures derived from two different donors. Protein was extracted from ALI cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 72 h and immunoblotted for the indicated proteins (n = 2 biological independent samples). c pAKT and pERK are increased in SARS-CoV-2 infected NHBE ALI cultures (representative of two biological independent samples). d mTORC1 activity is increased in COVID-19 patient lungs. IHC staining of p4EBP1 and the macrophage marker CD68 on lungs from COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Images are representative of two out of five COVID-19 patient lungs and nine out of nine non-COVID-19 lungs. Red arrows indicate cells positive for p4EBP1. Scale bar 50 µM.

Fig 4: KM survival analysis for pT stage and SIOI for training cohort (5-year follow-up) and validation cohort (5-year follow-up).a pT stage for training cohort. b pT stage for validation cohort. c SIOI for training cohort. d SIOI for validation cohort. The “+/+/+” category represents the group of patients who have CD3+ density in the IMCT above the cutoff point (389.6 cells/mm2), average CD3+CD8+ number within 0–50-μm of TB above the cutoff point (4.1) and CD68+/CD163+ ratio in the CT below the cutoff point (1.096); “+/+/−” group represents patients who are positive for only two of these features and “+/−/− or −/−/−” represents the group of patients who have only 1 or none of the above features. The HR is calculated using univariate Cox regression.

Fig 5: Immunohistochemical localization of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase at the maternal-fetal interface of human placenta. Immunostaining for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CD68, rabbit-isotype control, and mouse-isotype control were performed. (A) Implantation site of 7 weeks of gestation. (B) Term chorionic villi and placental bed. (a) Lower magnification of the maternal-fetal interface. Scale bar: 300 µm. (b) Higher magnification of the same area of the specimens depicted in (a). Scale bar: 50 µm. The results presented are from a single representative experiment performed with one 7 weeks sample and 5 term placentas.Abbreviations: bv, blood vessel; cct, chorionic cytotrophoblast; exvct, extravillous cytotrophoblast; ge, glandular epithelium; ma, placental macrophage; stb, syncytiotrophoblast.