Fig 1: Characterization of the microfluidic platform. a) Key characteristics of the WAT-on-chip platforms are i) a parallel media perfusion channel to ensure equal media supply for each tissue chamber and ii) a tissue compartment with eight separate tissue chambers. The design of the tissue compartment enables sequential injection of the tissue chambers. CFD modeling revealed b) a convective flow confined to the media channel, c) low shear forces (˜0.002–0.006 dyn cm-2) on the membrane, and d) ensured diffusion of diluted species from the media flow into the tissue chambers. For all simulations, the flow rate is set to 2.5 µL h-1 per parallel channel, which results in 20 µL h-1 total flow rate, and the tissue compartment is assumed to be filled with a hydrogel.
Fig 2: Quantitation of human adipokine in response to sucralose stimuli by flow cytometry. Adipokine concentration on the supernatant of adipocyte cell culture during the adipocyte differentiation process. Early differentiation is determined at 48 h and complete differentiation at 96 h. The stimuli evaluated were control of differentiation (NS), sucralose 25 ng/µL (S25), and 100 ng/µL (S100). Adiponectin (A), Leptin (B), Adipsin (C), Resistin (D), RBP4 (E), and MCP-1 (F). The statistical significance was performance using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test as a post hoc test. The statistical analysis shows the mean and standard deviation using GraphPad PRISM 8 software.
Fig 3: Effect of sucralose on cytokine response during adipocyte differentiation. Cytokine concentration was detected on the supernatant of adipocyte cell culture stimulated with sucralose during the adipocyte differentiation process. Early differentiation is determined at 48 h and complete differentiation at 96 h. The stimuli evaluated were control of differentiation (NS), sucralose 25 ng/µL (S25), and 100 ng/µL (S100). IL-6 (A), IL-1β (B), IL-8 (C), TNF-α (D), IFN-γ (E), IP-10 (F), and IL-10 (G). The statistical significance was performance using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test as a post hoc test. The statistical analysis shows the mean and standard deviation using GraphPad PRISM 8 software.
Fig 4: Comparison of urinary adipokines and cytokines in SCI patients with high (HB) and low (LB) bacterial loads. Elevated concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IP-10 were observed in patients with HB on days 3 and 15 after surgery, suggesting a pronounced local inflammatory response to infection. Boxplots represent data for day 3 (HB, n = 10; LB, n = 11) and 15 (HB, n = 8; LB, n = 13).
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