Fig 2: Interactions of p‐cymene with human proteins (MAPK4, P53, STAT3, CASP3), highlighting key residues and binding sites.

Fig 3: HSP90AA1 knockdown modulates inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways. (A) Bar chart showing the relative expression levels of key proteins involved in inflammation (NF-κB, STAT3, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2) and apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3) as measured by ELISA. Silencing of HSP90AA1 (siHSP90AA1-3) led to a decrease in pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic markers, and an increase in pro-apoptotic markers compared to the negative control (siNC).

Fig 4: LDH activity measured in supernatants from fibroblast exposed to SIM (1 or 5 μM) individually (A) or in combination with ALN (B). Caspase-3 concentration secreted by fibroblasts exposed to SIM (1 or 5 μM) and ALN (5 μM) individually (C) or in combination (D) for 24 h prior to the harvest of medium. Significantly different results from control are indicated with ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05, analyzed by t-test or Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test when normality and equality tests were not passed.