Fig 1: HFn@M/R counteracts oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. (A) ROS fluorescence imaging in SH-SY5Y cells under various treatment conditions. (B, C) Fluorescence intensity (B) and quantification (C) of ROS levels in SH-SY5Y cells under various treatment conditions. (D, E) Apoptosis rates by Annexin V-PE/7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) staining (D) and quantification (E) in SH-SY5Y cells under various treatment conditions. (F–H) qPCR analysis of IL-6 (F), TNF-α (G), and NF-κB (H) mRNA in GMI-R1 cells under various treatment conditions. Statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s test and represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. VPA; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. VPA + HFn@M/R)