Fig 2: Effect of E. bonariensis on OVX/D-Gal-induced changes in hippocampal levels of A AChE, B Tau, and C Aβ42. Rats underwent either SO or OVX, and after 5 days, they received D-Gal (150 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 42 days. OVX/D-Gal-subjected rats were orally treated with donepezil (5 mg/kg/day) or the alcoholic extract of E. bonariensis (100 mg/kg/day) for 42 days, given 1 h prior to D-Gal. One day after behavioral testing (day 43), rats were decapitated, and the hippocampi were separated for biochemical analysis. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6 for AChE and Aβ42 concentrations, while n = 5 for Tau gene expression), using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (P < 0.05). OVX ovariectomy, D-Gal D-galactose, AChE acetylcholinesterase, Aβ42 amyloid-β42, SO sham operation

Fig 3: Effect of BPA administration for 40 dayson the brain level of (a). AChE, b. BACE, and c. pTau. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Tuckey post hoc test for ten rats in each group. * Significantly different from Group I (control group) and ** significantly different from Group II (BPA- intoxicated rats), P < 0.05

Fig 4: (A) 2D binding mode, (B) surface map, and (C) 3D binding mode of ferulic acid in the active site of the Human Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (PDB ID: 4EY6)

Fig 5: Effect of diazinon and naringenin on (A) AchE and (B) neurotransmitter acetylcholine in cerebellar tissues. ^ p means significance to normal group, ! p indicates significance to diazinon group.