Fig 1: Proposed interplay between low irisin levels, endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and inflammatory cytokines in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. See text for more detailed information. AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; EC: endothelial cell; FFAs: free fatty acids; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; IL-12: interleukin-12; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MetS: metabolic syndrome; miR: microRNA; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PECAM-1: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end-products; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SR: scavenger receptor; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Th1: T-helper 1 cell; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein-1; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; WAT: white adipose tissue. This is an original figure created with the BioRender® platform (BioRender, Toronto, ON, Canada), accessed in May 2020 through the following URL: https://biorender.com/, with a premium member's account [A01191497@itesm.mx].
Fig 2: CD44 (A), VCAM-1 (B), E-SELECTIN (C), ICAM-3 (D) circulating biomarkers in pDoC patients compared with healthy controls. The values of the selected marker were obtained from two independent measurements. *p value < 0.05. **p value < 0.01. ***p value < 0. 001. HCs healthy controls, pDOC prolonged disorders of consciousness.
Fig 3: sNCAM circulating biomarkers in pDoC patients compared with healthy controls (A) and sNCAM circulating biomarkers in pDoC patients’ subgroups (B). Correlation analyses of sNCAM with cranial SUV (C) and WMH (D). The values of selected marker were obtained from two independent measurements p value < 0.05; **p value < 0.01; ***p value < 0. 001. SNCAM soluble NCAM, HCs healthy control, pDOC prolonged disorders of consciousness, VS/UWS vegetative state/unresponsive waking syndrome, MCS minimally conscious state, EMCS emerged from a minimally conscious state.
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