Fig 1: UV-induced changes of beta-gal and TFPI-2 in ex vivo human skin models. (a) Human β-galactosidase (β-gal) levels were modestly reduced in UV-exposed untreated skin relative to baseline, indicating impaired lysosomal senescence-associated enzyme expression. (b) TFPI-2 expression increased nearly threefold in UV-exposed untreated skin compared to baseline, consistent with stress-induced matrix remodeling. Data normalized to baseline. Bars represent mean ± SD in the technical duplicates; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test.