Fig 2: Signaling pathway blocking assays. The drugs MK-2206 (S1078, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), rapamycin (S1039, Selleck Chemicals) and dorsomorphin (S7306, Selleck Chemicals) were used for the specific blocking of Akt, mTOR and AMPK activity, respectively. Goat mammary epithelial cells were treated with basic medium containing glucose at high (4.5 g/L) or low (1 g/L) levels and were incubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; control group), MK-2206 (500 nM), rapamycin (10 nM) or dorsomorphin (10 μM) for 24 h. (A) The expression of FASN. (B) Expression of ChREBP. Values are means ± standard error of means. ∗P < 0.05. ∗∗∗P < 0.001. AMPK = mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase; Akt = AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ChREBP = carbohydrate response element binding protein; FASN = fatty acid synthase; mTOR = mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase.

Fig 3: Signaling pathway blocking assays. The drugs MK-2206 (S1078, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), rapamycin (S1039, Selleck Chemicals) and dorsomorphin (S7306, Selleck Chemicals) were used for the specific blocking of Akt, mTOR and AMPK activity, respectively. Goat mammary epithelial cells were treated with basic medium containing glucose at high (4.5 g/L) or low (1 g/L) levels and were incubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; control group), MK-2206 (500 nM), rapamycin (10 nM) or dorsomorphin (10 μM) for 24 h. (A) The expression of FASN. (B) Expression of ChREBP. Values are means ± standard error of means. ∗P < 0.05. ∗∗∗P < 0.001. AMPK = mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase; Akt = AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ChREBP = carbohydrate response element binding protein; FASN = fatty acid synthase; mTOR = mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase.

Fig 4: Signaling pathway blocking assays. The drugs MK-2206 (S1078, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), rapamycin (S1039, Selleck Chemicals) and dorsomorphin (S7306, Selleck Chemicals) were used for the specific blocking of Akt, mTOR and AMPK activity, respectively. Goat mammary epithelial cells were treated with basic medium containing glucose at high (4.5 g/L) or low (1 g/L) levels and were incubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; control group), MK-2206 (500 nM), rapamycin (10 nM) or dorsomorphin (10 μM) for 24 h. (A) The expression of FASN. (B) Expression of ChREBP. Values are means ± standard error of means. ∗P < 0.05. ∗∗∗P < 0.001. AMPK = mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase; Akt = AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ChREBP = carbohydrate response element binding protein; FASN = fatty acid synthase; mTOR = mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase.

Fig 5: Signaling pathway blocking assays. The drugs MK-2206 (S1078, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), rapamycin (S1039, Selleck Chemicals) and dorsomorphin (S7306, Selleck Chemicals) were used for the specific blocking of Akt, mTOR and AMPK activity, respectively. Goat mammary epithelial cells were treated with basic medium containing glucose at high (4.5 g/L) or low (1 g/L) levels and were incubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; control group), MK-2206 (500 nM), rapamycin (10 nM) or dorsomorphin (10 μM) for 24 h. (A) The expression of FASN. (B) Expression of ChREBP. Values are means ± standard error of means. ∗P < 0.05. ∗∗∗P < 0.001. AMPK = mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase; Akt = AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ChREBP = carbohydrate response element binding protein; FASN = fatty acid synthase; mTOR = mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase.