Fig 1: Proinflammatory cytokine response to MVs derived from diverse intestinal bacteria in human intestinal cells. ENA-78/CXCL5 (A), GRO-alpha/CXCL1 (B), IL-8/CXCL8 (C), IP-10/CXCL10 (D), MDC/CCL22 (E) and MIP-3alpha/CCL20 (F) were detected, and levels were quantified by ELISA in supernatants of HT-29 intestinal cells incubated for 16 h with equal amounts of MVs derived from the bacterial species indicated on the x axis, respectively. MVs are sorted alphabetically by their donor species separated by Gram-negative (left) and Gram-positive (right) bacteria. Incubation with saline served as a negative control (no MVs [far right]). The corresponding basal level of each cytokine/chemokine produced by HT-29 is given by the median value of the control (no MVs) and highlighted with a horizontal black line. Data are indicated as the median ± interquartile range. (A) n = 4 for B. thetaiotaomicron, F. nucleatum and Y. enterocolitica; n = 11 for E. cloacae and no MVs, n = 7 for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 55989, EPEC E2348/69, and L. acidophilus; n = 8 for EAEC 042, EAEC 17-2, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) EDL 1284, EIEC HN280, ETEC 1392-75, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) CFT073, K. oxytoca, S. flexneri, and Pediococcus acidilactici; n = 10 for ETEC 10407 (WT) and E. coli Nissle; n = 5 for P. vulgaris; n = 9 for Shigella sonnei and V. cholerae; n = 6 for all other data sets. (B) n = 8 for B. fragilis, EAEC 55989, EAEC 042, EAEC 17-2, EIEC EDL 1284, EIEC HN280, ETEC 1392-75, EPEC E2348/69, P. vulgaris, S. Typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica; n = 12 for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides vulgatus, E. cloacae, UPEC CFT073, E. coli Nissle, and K. oxytoca; n = 18 for ETEC 10407 (WT); n = 9 for UPEC 536; n = 14 for no MVs; n = 10 for all other data sets. (C) n = 12 for E. cloacae, K. oxytoca, S. sonnei, and L. acidophilus; n = 47 for ETEC 10407 (WT); n = 16 for UPEC CFT073 and V. cholerae; n = 4 for UPEC UTI89; n = 14 for E. coli Nissle; n = 28 for no MVs; n = 8 for all other data sets; (D) n = 6 for B. fragilis, UPEC CFT07, UPEC 536, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, V. cholerae, and Y. enterocolitica; n = 11 for B. vulgatus; n = 10 for EIEC EDL 1284; n = 12 for ETEC 10407 (WT) and no MVs; n = 4 for F. nucleatum; n = 7 for L. acidophilus; n = 8 for all other data sets. (E) n = 12 for B. thetaiotaomicron, V. cholerae, P. acidilactici, and no MVs; n = 14 for ETEC 10407 (WT); n = 10 for E. cloacae and K. oxytoca; n = 8 for all other data sets. (F) n = 4 for EIEC EDL 1284; n = 16 for ETEC 10407 (WT) and V. cholerae; n = 12 for E. coli Nissle; n = 14 for no MVs; n = 8 for all other data sets.