Fig 2: Schematic diagram of study.In HPV+HNSCC, CCL20 secreted from KRT15high tumor cells promotes the formation of TLS and enhance anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy. TLS also provide a suitable environment for the proliferation of PD-1+CD8+T cells.

Fig 3: CCL20 treatment promotes TLS formation and enhances anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy in murine models.A Schematic diagram of the animal experimental design. B Representative IHC images showing the infiltration of CD19+B cells and CD4+T cells in control and CCL20 treatment groups at day 10. C IHC detection of mature TLS-associated cellular components at day 10. D Tumor growth curves under different treatments in murine models. n = 5 per group. E Gross images of mice at day 22. F Tumor size assessment across experimental groups at day 22. G Tumor volume ratios of CCL20, anti-PD-1, and combination therapy groups relative to the control group. H Relative tumor volume ratios between control vs anti-PD-1 groups, and CCL20-treated vs combination therapy groups. I IHC detection of mature TLS-associated cellular components at day 22. CD19 (B cells), CD4 (T cells), CD21 (dendritic cells). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.