Fig 1: TCA exacerbates tumour growth in a CD8+ T-cell-dependent manner.A Schematic of the CD8+ T-cell depletion experimental timeline (n = 6 mice/group). B Macroscopic representation, growth curve and mass of the Hepa1-6 tumours. C Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were analysed using flow cytometry (n = 4‒6/group). D, E MACS-sorted CD8+ T cells isolated from naïve WT mice were activated and expanded with IL-2 and α-CD3/CD28 antibodies. The cells were treated with different doses of TCA for 24 h. D Apoptosis of CD8+ T cells treated with TCA in vitro. E Flow cytometry was used to evaluate proliferation and the expression of cytotoxic cytokines and chemokine receptors. F Expression of the mRNAs encoding cytotoxic cytokines and chemokine receptors in CD8+ T cells cultured in vitro was normalized to that of b-actin. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, and ns not significant. TCA taurocholic acid, CD control diet, WT wild type, MACS magnetic-activated cell sorting.