Fig 2: Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates PLY-mediated cell death in A549 cells. A is untreated, B is the 64 μg/ml glycyrrhetinic acid treatment, C is the PLY treatment, and D is the 64 μg/ml licorice phenol and PLY treatment. Red indicates dead cells, and green indicates live cells.

Fig 3: Glycyrrhetinic acid can alleviate PLY-mediated erythrocyte hemolysis and reduce PLY oligomerization. A shows the effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae, B and C show the hemolytic activity of PLY, and D shows the PLY oligomerization mediated by glycyrrhetinic acid. E shows PLY production in the culture supernatants of D39 cocultured with various concentrations of glycyrrhetinic acid. The original materials for Fig. 5D and E are in Supplementary Materials 1 and 2. The data are expressed as the means ± S.D.s. The significance of the differences was analyzed via multiple comparison tests. ∗, p < 0.01.