Fig 2: Cytokine staining of CD45.2+ CD8+ T cells of adoptive transfer modelPurified OT-1 CD8+ cells are adoptively transferred to CD45.1 mice and then the recipient mice are infected with LmOVA (Figure 5). 7 Days later, collect the splenocytes and restimulate them with PMA/Ionomycin and stain the cytokine.(A) FACS gating strategy of cytokine producing CD45.2+ CD8+ T cells.(B) Production and number of IFN-γ+ or GzmB+ CD45.2+CD8+ T cells from mice treated with PBS (-) (with PMA/Ionomycin) or infected with LmOVA with or without PMA/Ionomycin as indicated. All data are the mean ± s.e.m.; n = 5 independent wells per experiment. Two-tailed Student’s t test; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Fig 3: HBO helped teniposide to activate the antitumor response in mouse HCC tumor model. (A) Multiplex immunofluorescence staining of p-IRF3 (green), CD11c (red), CD3 (yellow), CD8 (purple) and DAPI (blue) in p-IRF3 high expression regions and adjacent p-IRF3 low expression regions of human HCC tissues. Scale bars: 50 µm. (B) Tumor-infiltrating macrophages, M1-like macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+/CD86+) and M2-like macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+/CD206+) of each treatment group were identified by FACS. (C) Tumor-infiltrating CD11c+ cells of each treatment group were detected by immunohistochemistry. Scale bar: 50 µm. (D–E) Expression of CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II on the surface of CD11c+ cells in the liver orthotopic tumor from each treatment group was detected by FACS. (F) Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells of each treatment group were detected by immunohistochemistry. Scale bar: 50 µm. (G) Total infiltrating CD8+ cells and the intracellular expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, GZMB and Ki67 of CD8+ T cells in the liver orthotopic tumor from each treatment group were detected by FACS. Data in (B), (E) and (G) are shown as mean±SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Ctrl, control; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; GZMB, granzyme B; HBO, hyperbaric oxygen; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; Oxa, oxaliplatin; Teni, teniposide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Fig 4: Effects of CD36 on tumor immunity.a, Percentages of indicated cell populations among CD45+ cells in metastatic liver tumors or normal livers of WT and Cd36−/− mice (n = 3). b, Immunohistochemistry staining of F4/80 in the liver sections from the WT and Cd36−/− mice at indicated times along with the quantification (n = 6). Scale bar, 100 μm. c, d, Representative histogram (left) and quantitative results of the MFI of CD206 or CD80 staining in MAMs on day 18 (n = 3). e, Numbers of indicated cell populations in the metastatic liver tumors of WT and Cd36lysm-cre mice on day 12 (n = 5). f, g, Representative histogram (left) and quantitative results of the MFI of CD206 or CD80 staining in MAMs (n = 5). h, i, CD8+ T cells were isolated from the metastatic liver tumors of WT and Cd36lysm-cre mice and the production of GzmB (h, n = 6) and IFN-γ (i, n = 6) was assessed. j, M1 or M2-type macrophage numbers in Cd36low (n = 18) and Cd36high (n = 18) expression groups in patients with liver metastasis (GSE68468). k, The correlation of CD36 with M2-type macrophage infiltration in patients with liver metastasis from two GEO datasheets (n = 36, 116 respectively). P value was calculated by Pearson correlation analysis. Values for n represent biologically independent samples. Data are mean ± SEM and P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (a–g). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Fig 5: Blockade of CD36 reduces macrophage M2 polarization.a, Free fatty acid analysis of BMDMs treated with or without LLC cells (n = 4). b, The MFI of CD206 surface staining, and percentages of CD206-expressing cells in BMDMs treated with OA (10 μM) or SA (10 μM) (n = 3). c, The mRNA levels of indicated cytokines in RAW264.7 cells treated with OA or SA (n = 5). d, Liver metastasis formation in mice fed with a high olive diet (OD, 45% kcal from fat) or a high lard diet (LD, 45% kcal from fat) after intrasplenic injection of LLC cells. The percentage of liver to body weight was shown on the right (n = 4, 5, 4 from left to right group). e, The mRNA levels of Il-10 and Tnfα in metastatic tumors from the OD- or LD-fed mice (n = 5). f, The mRNA levels of indicated cytokines in WT and Cd36−/− BMDMs cocultured with or without LLC cells (n = 6). g, The mRNA levels of indicated cytokines in WT and Cd36−/− BMDMs treated with the CM from LLC cells (n = 6). h, i, After BMDMs were treated with tumor cell CM, CD8+ T cells were cocultured with BMDMs (10:1) for 72 hours, and the production of GzmB (h, n = 3) and IFN-γ (i, n = 4) in CD8+ T cells were assessed. Data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results (f–i). Values for n represent biologically independent samples. Data are mean ± SEM and P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests (b–f) or unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (g–i). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.