Fig 1: Evaluation of the range and efficiency of auto-Ab detection with the established bead-based suspension immunoassay. The protein-coupling efficiency of individual beads and their effectiveness in detection of corresponding auto-Abs were verified by using Abs specific to individual proteins, including p53, ANXA2, CA2, ISG15, KNG1, and MMP1, respectively. An anti-His Ab was applied for verification of the beads coupled with His-tagged MMP3, PRDX2, SPARC, and HSPA5, respectively. Initial concentrations of the Abs specific to p53, ANXA2, CA2, ISG15, KNG1, MMP1, and His tag are 0.03, 4, 0.2, 0.2, 20, 0.4, and 20 μg/mL, respectively. Data are acquired as the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) and shown as the mean ± SD of MFI.