Fig 1: Exploring pharmacological mechanisms of Bufalin based on a combinatorial target screening strategy.a The entire process of target prediction for Bufalin. b Venn diagram of predicted targets by four web servers and the FMBS method. c Bubble chart of KEGG enrichment analysis for 53 targets. d Chord diagram of pathways with statistically significant p-values and those corresponding to cancer, as retained by KEGG analysis. This diagram illustrates these pathways and their corresponding targets, leading to the selection of 11 key targets. e A multi-task neural network model was developed for these 11 targets, resulting in the identification of 5 high-confidence targets: CYP17A1, ESR1, mTOR, AR, and PRKCD.