Fig 2: Immunohistochemistry staining with GRP78, HRD1 and MPO after 3 and 5 days pulp access preparation. Arrowhead indicates nucleic localization patterns of HRD1 immunostaining (E, L, S, Z). Boxes in A, C-D, F, H, J-K, M, O, Q-R, T, V, X-Y, A' indicate enlarged view. Scale bars: A, C, F, H, J, M, O, Q, T, V, X, A’: 200 µm; B, D-E, G, I, K-L, N, P, R-S, U, W, Y-Z, B’: 50 µm.

Fig 3: Immunostainings of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1. The localization of TNF-a is decreased in both 3- and 5-day apigenin-treated specimens (arrows) when compared to control (a–d). On day 3, the localization of MPO is decreased in the apigenin-treated specimens; however, the immunostaining of MPO is almost similar in both DMSO-control and apigenin-treated specimens (arrows) on day 5 (e–h). In contrast, increased immunostaining of TGF-ß1 is observed in both 3- and 5-day apigenin-treated specimens (arrows) when compared to control (i–l). Scale bars: 50 µm (a–l).

Fig 4: Representative photomicrographs of alveolar tissue sections stained with vascular endothelial markers and the inflammatory marker in the control group (A,C,E,G,I,K) and EPO group (B,D,F,H,J,L) at 1 and 5 days. On day 1, the EPO group show stronger expression of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the entire extraction socket, especially in the apical and middle one-third of the regions compared to the control (A',B',E',F'). On day 5, the localization patterns are intensified in the EPO group compared to those observed on day 1 (B',D',F',H'). The EPO group also show a much stronger localization pattern, especially in the coronal 1/3 compared to that in the apical 1/3 and middle 1/3 regions (B',D',F',H'). In contrast, the EPO group showed decreased immunolocalization of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in both 1- and 5-day specimens (I',J',K',L'). Red arrows point to positive cells against CD31 (A–D), VEGF (E–H), and MPO (I–L). Scale bar: X = 100 µm, X’ = 20 µm (X' is higher magnification of X).