Fig 1: Verification of the relationships between DTβ4 and CD93+ cells in vitro and in vivo.(A) Schematic illustration of BMMNCs cocultured with grafts in vitro. (B) SEM and immunofluorescent staining of CD93+ (red) cells and nuclei (blue) after 12 hours of coculturing with grafts immobilized with heparin, hep-Tβ4, hep-DTβ4, and hep-VEGF, separately. (C and D) Count of BMMNCs infiltrating into the grafts after 12 hours of coculturing (n = 5 independent samples). (E) Schematic illustration of GFP+ bone marrow cells transplantation (BMT). (F) Representative immunofluorescence images of the cross sections showed BMT-GFP+ cells (green) infiltrated into the graft at 1 and 2 weeks after implantation. (G) Representative immunofluorescence images of en face staining showed BMT-GFP+ cell (green) recruitment onto the luminal surface of 3DVGs at 1 and 2 weeks after implantation. (H) Number of GFP+ cells infiltrating into the 3DVGs at each time point (n = 3 independent samples). (I) Percentage of GFP+ cells infiltrating into the grafts at different time points (n = 3 independent samples). Plotted data represent means ± SD. For (C and D), significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis. For (H and I), significance was determined by Student’s t test. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.