Fig 2: Effects of administration of metformin and PA on the major components of unfolded protein response system—PERK, ATF6, and IRE1. Immunoblotting analysis of PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 in rat VMH: the bar graphs of (a) PERK, (c) ATF6, and (e) IRE1 protein content are presented; (f) representative immunoblots are shown, and data are quantified using tubulin as a loading control for hypothalamus lysates. Quantitative RT-PCR of (b) Perk and (d) Atf6 in rat VMH: data were normalized to ß-actin and pooled from three independent experiments (n = 6 rats/group). All data are shown as means ± SEM; *p < 0.05 vs. control, **p < 0.05 vs. T2DM, #p < 0.05 vs. metformin administration, and @p < 0.05 vs. PA administration.