Fig 1: The secretion of MCP-1 and IL-6. Results are expressed as ratios of the cytokine concentrations in neutralizing Gal-9, (Gal-Nab2, 10 µg/mL) and Hydrocortisone (HyC) (1 µg/mL)-treated monocultures of fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS), divided by the concentration in control cultures, cultured for 48 h (RA n = 6), (OA (HyC, n = 6), (Gal-Nab2, n = 5)). (C) Evaluation of pathological FLSs and viability (MTT values) of the anti-Gal-9 treated cells in (A) and (B). FLSs incubated with the neutralizing anti-Gal-9 antibody. Data are expressed as ratios between the proportion of pathological FLSs (CD45-, CD34-, CD90+, and PDPN+) out of all CD45-FLS incubation with the neutralizing anti-Gal-9 antibody or isotype control IgG (n = 5), or the ratio between mTT ODs of all FLSs incubated with anti-Gal-9 or isotype control IgG (n = 5); in both set-ups the cells were cultured for 48 h. (D) Secretion of MCP-1 and IL-6 from 48 h RA FLSs + PBMC co-cultures. Data are expressed as ratios between the cytokine concentrations in neutralizing Gal-9, (Gal-Nab2, 10 µg/mL) and Hydrocortisone (HyC) (1 µg/mL)-treated co-cultures of fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLSs) + autologous PBMCs, divided by the concentration in control-treated cultures, cultured for 48 h (RA n = 7). Differences were analyzed using the paired t-tests to compare two groups. Untreated RA co-cultures of FLSs + autologous PBMCs produced, on average, 30,055 ± 4063 pg/mL MCP-1 and 44,624 ±5006 pg/mL IL-6 (Mean ± SEM). Bars indicate mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.