Fig 2: Comparison of OPG levels in conventional retraction and periodontal distraction groups at different time points. OPG = Osteoprotegerin

Fig 3: The effects of representative RBOs on (A) OC, (B) OPG, (C) RANKL, and (D) the RANKL/OPG ratio in hFOB 1.19 cells after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Cells cultured in standard culture medium without RBO treatment served as the control. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Blue triangles represent individual data points. Statistical significance was determined separately for each time point using two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test for comparisons with the control group and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test for comparisons between RBO cultivars. Different lowercase letters above each cultivar indicate significant differences between RBO cultivars.* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 compared with the control group.