Description
Testosterone is a crucial hormone for the development and function of the male reproductive system in mice. It is primarily produced by Leydig cells in the testicles and plays a key role in regulating sperm production and sexual behaviors, including mating and ejaculation. Additionally, testosterone influences the spermatogenesis process by acting on Sertoli cells and pericytes, with its deficiency potentially leading to spermatogenesis disorders. Beyond reproductive functions, testosterone significantly impacts lipid and glucose metabolism. Research indicates that testosterone deficiency can result in abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver and muscle tissue, such as increased liver lipid deposition and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which may worsen atherosclerosis. During aging, testosterone supports the maintenance of muscle mass and function by activating the Notch signaling pathway and promoting the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, thus countering age-related muscle atrophy. Moreover, testosterone exerts effects in a non-receptor-dependent manner, such as through its conversion to estrogen via aromatase, indirectly influencing adipose tissue and metabolism