Fig 1: Concentrations of TNF-α, BDNF and NGF in the posterior cortex of animals in the VPA-induced autism model treated with LipRSV. Effects of prenatal exposure to VPA and postnatal treatment with LipRSV on (A) TNF-α, (B) BDNF, and (C) NGF levels in the posterior cortex. The experimental groups included saline-treated control animals (CT), VPA-exposed animals (VPA), animals treated with saline and liposomes containing resveratrol (CT+LipRSV), and VPA-exposed animals treated with LipRSV (VPA+LipRSV). Concentrations of TNF-α, BDNF, and NGF were determined using specific ELISA assays. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 vs. VPA. (n = 3–5 animals/group)