Fig 1: Pyruvate kinase (PK)M2 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) are involved in PI3/AKT/mTOR pathway-triggered glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) upregulation. (a) Phosphorylated PKM2 Y105 (p-PKM2(Y105)) and (b) ERα expression, measured by Western blotting, in nuclear extracts of PC3 cells upon rapamycin (Rapam) treatment and in controls (Ctr). (c) Glo1 transcript levels and specific enzyme activity upon ERα-degrading anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 treatment and in untreated (Ctr) PC3 cells. Histone H1 was used as the internal control. The histograms indicate the mean ± SD of three different cultures. *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.