Fig 1: A (HC)Representative micrograph showing pancreatic tissue sections from healthy control animals stained with TUNEL assay (green) to detect apoptotic cells. Pancreatic β cells are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Note the minimal presence of apoptotic cells (green) within the pancreatic islets, indicating low levels of apoptosis in healthy control animals. (DC) Representative micrograph illustrating pancreatic tissue sections from disease control animals stained with TUNEL assay (green) to visualize apoptotic cells. Pancreatic β cells are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Increased presence of apoptotic cells (green) within the pancreatic islets is observed compared to healthy controls, indicating elevated levels of apoptosis in disease control animals. (AGE) Representative micrograph showing pancreatic tissue sections from Allergic control animals stained with TUNEL assay (green) to detect apoptotic cells. Pancreatic β cells are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Note the minimal presence of apoptotic cells (green) within the pancreatic islets, indicating low levels of apoptosis in healthy control animals. (AGE + DM) Representative micrograph depicting pancreatic tissue sections from animals supplemented with AGE. Comparatively higher levels of apoptotic cells (green) within the pancreatic islets are observed in the AGE supplementation group compared to healthy controls but potentially lower than in disease controls. B: (HC) Pancreatic tissue sections from healthy control animals reveal minimal immunofluorescence signal for cleaved caspase 3, indicating low levels of apoptosis in β-cells under physiological conditions. (DC) In pancreatic tissue sections from animals with the disease condition, a significant increase in immunofluorescence signal for cleaved caspase 3 is observed compared to the healthy control group, indicating elevated apoptosis levels in pancreatic β-cells in the disease state. (AGE + DM): Animals receiving AGE supplementation exhibit a notable decrease in immunofluorescence signal for cleaved caspase 3 compared to the disease control group. This reduction suggests a potential therapeutic effect of the supplemented drug in attenuating apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. C:Quantitative analysis of the ratio of %Ki67 + /Ins + cells and %TUNEL + /Ins + cells in pancreatic islets from experimental groups. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) from n independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by [appropriate statistical test] (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control). D: Summary graphs depicting quantitative data obtained from various assays, summarizing the levels of pro-apoptotic markers in pancreatic β-cells across different experimental conditions. Statistical analyses such as performed to determine significant differences (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) between experimental groups