Fig 2: Curative protocol. IL-1β levels in plasma (A) and colonic tissues (B); TNF levels in plasma (C) and colonic tissues (D), IL-10 levels in plasma (E) and colonic tissues (F) in control or DNBS rats treated with vehicle or GABA-Mo. Each column represents the mean ± SEM from eight animals.

Fig 3: The effect of preventive treatment with guarana powder and intoxication on hepatic function parameters and inflammation.A) ALT activity, B) AST activity, C) ALP activity and D) TNF concentration. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.