Fig 1: Effects of vinpocetine on DENA-induced oncogenic molecular alterations in rats.Panels (A) through (I) depict changes in NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity, IL-6 levels, MCP-1 expression, ICAM-1 expression, TGF-β expression, HIF-1α levels, MMP-9 levels, STAT3 mRNA levels, and p-STAT3 levels, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). Statistical analysis was performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s posthoc test. ****, p < 0.0001; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05.