Fig 1: Effects of treatment on key proteins involved in protein synthesis and breakdown in diabetic rats. The study examined the effects of different treatment methods on various markers of muscle health in experimental diabetes-induced rats. (a) The level of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in the soleus muscle of the DM+PMF+PTS group showed a remarkable improvement, which was not statistically different from the control group (p = 0.514). (b) The study found no significant difference in the level of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) between the DM+PMF+PTS and DM+PMF+RSV groups in the soleus muscle (p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in the mTOR levels between these two groups in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle (p < 0.05). (c) The levels of forkhead box-O3A (FoxO3a) in both soleus and EDL muscles were significantly decreased by the applied treatment methods (p < 0.05 vs. DM). (d) The EDL muscles of diabetic rats showed the notable recovery after PMF+PTS application in terms of myostatin (MSTN) levels. (e) The DM+PMF group did not show significant difference in the level of calpain-3 (CAPN3) in the soleus muscles compared to the DM group (p = 0.185). (f) The DM+PMF+RSV group exhibited a noteworthy decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in both muscle types, demonstrating a significant difference compared to the DM group (p < 0.001). (g) The RSV alone led to a significant decrease of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) levels in both soleus and EDL muscles of diabetic rats when compared to the levels achieved by the administration of PTS alone (p = 0.034). (h) In the soleus muscles, the DM+PMF group did not show a significant difference according to the DM group in terms of myosin heavy chain IIb (MyHC IIb) levels (p = 0.339). (i) The increase in the amount of myosin light chain 3 (MyLC 3) in the EDL muscles of the DM+PMF+PTS group was similar enough not to differ significantly from the control group (p = 0.936). (j) The PTS antioxidant was found to be superiorly more effective than RSV in the EDL muscles of experimental diabetes-induced rats in terms of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels (p = 0.033). The ELISA analyses were conducted on the soleus and EDL muscles of 10 independent animals. The notation “ns” indicates nonsignificant differences (p > 0.05) between groups, “χ” indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups, “β” indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) from DM+PMF, “∗∗” indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) from DM, and “∗” indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) from C. All data were expressed as mean ± s.e.m., and p values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons.