Fig 1: Novel biomarkers in FGR and FGR subtypes (a–e). Serum PLAC1 (a) and netrin-1 (b) were comparable between the FGR group and healthy pregnant controls, whereas serum sPD-L1 levels were significantly lower in women with (c) overall FGR and (d) FGR subtypes than in healthy pregnant controls. (e) ORs indicate an inverse association between sPD-L1 and FGR or its subtypes. ORs were obtained by logistic regression after adjustment for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), and gestational age. Abbreviations: placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC1), soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1), fetal growth restriction (FGR), early-onset fetal growth restriction (EFGR), late-onset fetal growth restriction (LFGR), and odds ratios (ORs). ** p-value < 0.01, **** p-value < 0.0001, ns not significant.