Fig 2: Rosavin improves the number of inflammatory cells and the levels of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in the BALF of COPD rats. A–C: Assessment was conducted on the number of total cells (A), macrophages (B), and neutrophils (C) in the BALF of the Control, COPD, COPD + R-H, COPD + R-L, and COPD + BAY groups. D–I: ELISA was employed for detecting the TNF-α (D), IL-6 (E), IL-1β (F), IL-17 (G), MCP-1 (H), and CXCL5 (I) levels in the BALF of each group. **P < 0.01 vs. Control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. COPD. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IL, interleukin; CXCL5, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1

Fig 3: Rosavin inhibits the formation of IL-17-enriched NETs in the lung tissues of COPD rats. A–B: Immunofluorescence was utilized for analyzing the IL-17 and CitH3 colocalization in the lung tissues of the Control, COPD, COPD + R-H, COPD + R-L, and COPD + BAY groups. The IL-17 fluorescence intensity in the lung tissues of each group was analyzed. Colocalization was evaluated by calculating the percentage of IL-17–CitH3 double-positive cells. C–D: The IL-17 protein expression was measured in the lung tissues of each group via western blot, followed by analysis of IL-17 protein expression. ##P < 0.01 vs. COPD; **P < 0.01 vs. Control. IL, interleukin; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CitH3, citrullinated histone H3