Fig 1: Serum bone turnover biomarkers in OVX, ORX and control groups one-month post-gonadectomy. (A) Estradiol level in the female sham and OVX group; (B) testosterone level in the male sham and ORX group; (C) PINP level; (D) OCN level; (E) CTX level. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 when compare to sham group. ###P<0.001 when compare to M-sham group. Five mice per group were analyzed. All data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. FM, female; OVX, ovariectomy; M, male; ORX, orchiectomy; PINP, propeptide of type I procollagen; OCN, osteocalcin; CTX, C-terminal telopeptide.
Fig 2: FNDC5/irisin treatment improved bone loss of diabetic mice. (A) Micro-CT analysis of the distal femur region and (B) the trabecular bone parameters (n = 3). (C) Serum concentrations of PINP and OCN (n = 6). (D, E) Representative Masson-stained images of the distal femur (scale: 500 μm, n = 3). (F, G) Protein levels of ALP, OCN, and RUNX2 (n = 6). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus the CON group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus the T1DM group
Fig 3: FNDC5 overexpression improved HG-induced osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. (A, B) The protein levels of ALP, RUNX2, and OCN. (C, D) Representative pictures and quantitative results of Alizarin red staining. (E) The results of the ALP activity test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus the con group. #P < , ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus the HG group
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