Fig 2: Relationship between the Protamine (PRM1), PRM2, and PRM3 concentrations and frozen semen production capacity in Limousin, Friesian Holstein (FH), Peranakan Ongole (PO), and Aceh bulls (a-c). The PRM1 concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in the high production groups in Limousin, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (a). The concentrations of PRM2 and PRM3 varied among the production groups in all bull breeds (b and c). Results of DNA fragmentation staining in sperm using acridine orange (d); sperm with DNA fragmentation exhibited yellow-orange fluorescence (a), and normal sperm showed green fluorescence (b).

Fig 3: Relationship between Protamine 1 (PRM1) (pg/mL) and PM (%) in Limousin (r=0.603) (p<0.05) (a), FH (r=0.846) (p<0.01) (b), Peranakan Ongole (r=0.920) (p<0.01) (c), and Aceh (r=0.851) (p<0.01) (d) bulls.

Fig 4: The linearity pattern (dotted line) of HSP70-2 and PRM1 mRNA expression and protein abundance with fertility rate (%FSCR). HSP70-2, heat shock protein70-2; PRM1, protamine-1; %FSCR, percentage of first service conception rate.

Fig 5: The mRNA relative expression and protein abundance of HSP70-2 and PRM1 in sperms of Madura bulls of three fertility groups. (a) mRNA expression of HSP70-2, (b) mRNA expression of PRM1, (c) Protein abundance of HSP70-2, and (d) Protein abundance of PRM1. HSP70-2, heat shock protein70-2; PRM1, protamine-1. a,b Different letters on each bar chart indicate significant differences (p<0.05) in each fertility group.