Fig 2: GM-CSF-Producing ILCs in Synovial Fluid of RA Patients(A) The presence of ILCs (defined as CD45+CD3-CD4-CD8-CD11b-CD11c-CD19-CD56-) from peripheral blood (PB) or synovial fluid (SF) of a patient with RA or OA (left). The percentages of ILCs in PB and SF from individual RA (n = 13) or OA (n = 6) patients. The lines indicate the sample pairs of the same patients (right).(B) Total numbers of ILCs in 1 mL of SF from OA and RA patients (n = 6). Vertical bars indicate SD.(C) Flow cytometry analysis of IFN-?, IL-13, IL-17, and GM-CSF expression by ILCs (gated as in A) in PB or SF of a RA patient (top). The percentages of cytokine-producing ILCs from individual RA patients (n = 11) (bottom).(D) Gating strategies for GM-CSF+CD45+ lineage markers-negative (ILCs), GM-CSF+CD45+CD3-CD11b+ (myeloid cells), and GM-CSF+CD45+CD11b-CD3+ cells (T cells).(E) Proportion of GM-CSF-producing cells (n = 3). Vertical bars indicate SD. Symbols represent individual samples. Horizontal bars indicate the means.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Fig 3: GM-CSF-Producing T Helper Cells Are Dispensable for GM-CSF-Dependent Autoimmune Arthritis Development(A) Intracellular IL-17, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF staining of CD4+ T cells from popliteal LNs or inflamed joints.(B) Proportion of cytokine-producing cells in CD4+ T cells from individual mice as shown in (A). Vertical bars mean SD (n = 3).(C) Arthritis scores assessed in individual SKG, Csf2−/− SKG, or Il17a−/− SKG mice (n = 20 each) 3 months after single i.p. injection of 20 mg mannan.(D) Intracellular IL-17, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF staining of CD4+ T cells from inflamed joints of Il17aCre R26ReYFP SKG mice.(E) Arthritis development after adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from WT or Csf2−/− SKG mice into Rag2−/− mice (n = 17 each, SEM). The severity of arthritis was monitored every week after transfer of 1 × 106 CD4+ T cells.(F) Intracellular IL-17 and GM-CSF staining of CD4+ T cells from spleens and inflamed joints of Rag2−/− mice with CD4+ T cells transfer as shown in (E).∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01. Data are representative of three independent experiments (A, B, D, and F) or pooled from three experiments (C and E).

Fig 4: Vertically transmitted Lactobacillus L01 and Micro36 strains ameliorate airway allergic sensitization in vivo(A) Murine HDM intra-tracheal sensitization and challenge (itHDM) scheme in animals orally gavaged with meconium-isolate L. jensenii L01 or M. luteus Micro36 or PBS.(B–D) Percentage of (B) lung eosinophils, (C) neutrophils, and (D) CD4+ T cells among CD3+ live cells in lungs of animals after HDM sensitization across treatment groups. Two-sided Satterthwaite’s method of the linear mixed effects (LME) model test for significance, with random effect attributed to experimental repeat.(E) Representative flow plots of intracellular IL-4 production in CD4 T cells within the mediastinal lymph node (medLN).(F–H) Percentage of (F) IL-4+ (G), IL-17A+, and (H) IFN?+ T cells in the medLN (left) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN; right) in animals after allergic sensitization. ANOVA test for significance..Shapes (triangles and circles) indicate mice from two independent experiments. Each treatment group had 5 mice as biological replicates, and the experiment was repeated independently twice.See also Figure S5.

Fig 5: EA and iPSC-EVs treatment modulates the proliferation of Th cells. (A) The level of IFN?+ Th cells in mice after stroke. (B) The level of IL-17+ Th cells in mice after stroke. (C) The level of Foxp3+ Th cells in mice after stroke. (D) The level of IL-4+ Th cells in mice after stroke. Data are shown as means ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.