A new paper published today in Nature presents the largest comparative resource to date of cancer-specific RNA alterations matched with whole-genome sequencing data. The paper’s international team of researchers carried out a joint analysis of data from over 1000 donors and more than 25 cancer types. They studied whole genomes along with tumor transcriptome data, which indicates the genes that are active within a tumor.
Cancer is a disease driven by mutations that arise within our DNA. However, it has been less studied how these genomic alterations change our RNA. More research is required to understand which of the alterations in RNA are consequences of the mutations and which contribute to cancer progression.
The research was part of an international collaboration of over 1300 scientists known as the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG). This study involved more then 10 research groups as part of the larger Pan-Cancer project and aimed to develop the most comprehensive catalogue of RNA alterations in cancer, including transcript expression, splicing, alternative promoter activity, and fusions.
Differences in RNA expression, splicing, and isoform variation are associated with many types of cancer. Here, the researchers used transcriptomic profiling to analyze cancer-specific alterations found in the tumor’s RNA. From this, the researchers identified many diverse and underappreciated mechanisms of cancer genome alterations yet to be detected by DNA analysis alone.
“Although cancer is caused by changes in an organism’s DNA, these changes also manifest via RNA,” says co-supervising author Alvis Brazma of EMBL-EBI. “We showed that often it is easier to detect important DNA changes by looking at RNA.”
One important type of DNA change that can occur is a “gene fusion.” Gene fusions are known to play an important role in cancer-driving events and can be used for disease diagnosis. This study represents the first comparative analysis of both gene and RNA fusions across a large collection of tumor datasets. The fusion data is freely available to download from Synapse.
“We found hundreds of changes in the cancer genome that we could link to other molecular changes occurring in the cell,” says Brazma. “Some of the most interesting were chimera genes, in which part of one gene is fused to part of another. We were able to build a classification of how these chimera genes emerge in cancer.”