Heterotrimeric G proteins are important in G protein-coupled receptor signaling, including the detection of stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, light, and chemical signals. G protein functions are regulated by interactions with Gip1, a protein that sequesters G proteins to block signaling processes. However, until now, the mechanism for the interaction between G proteins and Gip1 has not been understood.
In a new study published in Nature Communications, a research team led by experts from Osaka University investigated the structure of Gip1 to better understand how Gip1 sequesters G proteins into the cytosol—away from their primary location at the cell membrane.
"We found that the Gip1 hydrophobic cavity, as well as the hydrogen bond network at its entrance, are critical in the ability of Gip1 to mask the membrane-binding region of heterotrimeric G proteins," says corresponding author Masahiro Ueda. "Experimentally modifying either of these aspects greatly impacted the abilities of Gip1 to bind G proteins and release those proteins when needed."
In the study, the hydrophobic cavity was shown to involve six alpha helices, which is an unusual structural composition for this type of cavity. Because of this unique structure, Gip1 solely binds to heterotrimeric G proteins.
"Our analyses revealed unique aspects of solubilization of lipophilic G proteins as a regulatory mechanism during eukaryotic chemotaxis, which we used as a model system," says lead author Takero Miyagawa. "Because heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in many different signal transduction processes, our findings are important to both basic science advancements and potential drug development."
In addition to providing a better understanding of the mechanism for Gip1 interaction with G proteins, the researchers showed how this interaction might be disrupted, which may be important in understanding diseases caused by defects in signal transduction.
Image: G proteins typically attach to the surface of the plasma membrane by anchoring their hydrophobic lipid-attached region into the membrane. However, Gip1 interacts with and masks this lipid-attached region of G proteins, so that G proteins are sequestered into the cytosol. Upon receiving signals from GPCR proteins, the size of the Gip1 binding cavity is reduced, which allows release of G proteins. Image courtesy of Masahiro Ueda/Osaka University.