Fig 2: Hepatic steatosis is reduced in Mfn2‐adKO mice on high‐fat diet (HFD) FGF21 plasma levels in HFD‐fed male control and Mfn2‐adKO mice.FGF21 mRNA level in BAT from HFD‐fed control and Mfn2‐adKO mice.H&E and Oil Red O staining of liver from HFD‐fed control and Mfn2‐adKO mice (scale bar, 100 μm).Liver triglycerides (TG) content from HFD‐fed control and Mfn2‐adKO mice.mRNA levels in liver from HFD‐fed control and Mfn2‐adKO mice.Data information: All values are shown as mean ± SEM of n = 9 mice per genotype. *, **, and *** indicate statistically significant difference between control (white bars) and Mfn2‐adKO mice (black bars) at P < 0.05; P < 0.03; P < 0.01, respectively (two‐tailed Student's t‐test).

Fig 3: Acute alcohol exposure increases inflammation and altered adipokines in RptorAKO mice.Mice were treated as in Fig. 4. (A) F4/80 was stained in the livers by immunohistochemistry staining and (B) F4/80 positive macrophages were quantified. (C) CD68 was stained in the livers by immunohistochemistry staining and (D) CD68 positive macrophages were quantified. (E, F) Equal amount of serum from the same group was pooled. Circulating adipokines (E) and inflammatory mediators (F) were analyzed by Proteome Profiler Mouse Adipokine Array Kit. Data are expressed as means ± SEM and subjected to one-way ANOVA with Turkey post hoc test. n = 3 (A–D); n = 4–7 (E–F). *P < 0.05 EtOH vs. control; #P < 0.05 vs. WT EtOH; ^P < 0.05 vs. LKO EtOH; &P < 0.05 vs. WT control; $P < 0.05 vs. LKO control. Original magnification, × 20. Abbreviations: EtOH, ethanol; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; KO, knockout; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Rptor, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TG, triglyceride; WT, wild-type.

Fig 4: Cholic acid supplementation in pregnancy alters the plasma adipokine profile and reactive oxygen metabolites. Plasma from pregnant mice fed standard chow or chow supplemented with 0.5% cholic acid (CA) at gestational day 14 were assessed for adipokine expression and reactive oxygen metabolites. (a) Adipokine array in plasma. Samples from 6 mice were pooled and run on a single array. Blots for CA‐fed and chow‐fed mice were taken on the same exposure. Pairs of targets (1‐25) and reference spots (R) are labeled in the key. (b) Mean fold‐change of expression of adipokine array targets in plasma. All fold‐changes were analyzed from the exposure shown in a. except for Leptin (25) which was analyzed from a longer exposure (Figure S1). (c) Levels of plasma reactive oxygen metabolites in virgin and pregnant mice fed either normal chow (white bars) or 0.5% CA diet (gray bars) for 14 days. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ANGTP‐L3, angiopoietin‐like protein‐3; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DLK‐1, delta like noncanonical Notch ligand 1; DPP‐IV, dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV; FGF‐1, fibroblast growth factor‐1; ICAM‐1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1; IGF‐1, insulin‐like growth factor 1; IGFBP, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein; M‐CSF, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; PAI‐I, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1; R, reference spot; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts; RBP‐4, retinol‐binding protein 4; TIMP‐1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1. Statistical significance was assessed by a two‐way ANOVA with uncorrected Fisher's LSD post hoc analysis. Significant p values are indicated on each graph.