Fig 1: SPR angle shifts of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in clinical samples. (A and B) Relationships between SPR angle shifts and values of commercial assays for measuring PAPP-A (r = 0.966) and PAPP-A2 (r = 0.957). (C) SPR angle shifts of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in the preeclampsia and normal groups. The SPR angle shift of PAPP-A in the preeclampsia group 5.33 (4.55 mDeg) is significantly smaller than that in the control group 6.89 (4.10 mDeg) (P = 0.008). The SPR angle shift of PAPP-A2 in the preeclampsia group 5.70 (3.81 mDeg) is significantly larger than that in the control group 3.63 (2.38 mDeg) (P < 0.001). (D) SPR angle shifts of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in the early- and late-onset preeclampsia groups. PAPP-A2 SPR angle shift in the early-onset preeclampsia group (9.53 ± 16.16 mDeg) is significantly larger than that in the late-onset preeclampsia group (5.60 ± 6.27 mDeg) (P = 0.007).
Fig 2: ROC curve analyses of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and PAPP-A/PAPP-A2 ratio for predicting preeclampsia: (A) All preeclampsia. The AUCs for PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and PAPP-A/PAPP-A2 ratio are 0.65, 0.76, and 0.79. (B) Early-onset preeclampsia. The AUCs for PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and PAPP-A/PAPP-A2 ratio are 0.83, 0.92, and 0.99. (C) Late-onset preeclampsia. The AUCs for PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and PAPP-A/PAPP-A2 ratio are 0.62, 0.73, and 0.75.
Fig 3: The sensing mechanism of the GO-SPR biosensor to measure PAPP-A and PAPP-A2. (A) The real picture of a GO-based SPR chip. (B) A schematic diagram of the GO-SPR biosensor. The 1 mg/mL GO sheet (1.8 nm) is immobilized on the Au film (47 nm) surface. (C) The interactions between GO functional groups and protein molecules. The surface of the GO sheets is rich in oxidizing functional groups which enhance the bio-affinity.
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