Fig 2: Human proteins in the fecal samples. (a) Distribution of total protein abundance per fecal suspension sample (b) Distribution of protein abundance for all 701 proteins of human origin; red dots indicate the statistically significant proteins (Mann-Whitney U test, p-value < 0.05) for CKD4/CKD1 (c) Heatmap visualizing the percentage-scaled mean abundance of the statistically significant proteins in the two CKD groups. CKD: chronic kidney disease; ALPI: Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase; LGALS3BP: Galectin-3-binding protein; AMY2A: Pancreatic alpha-amylase; PLA2: Phospholipase A2; AMY2B: Alpha-amylase 2B; PIP: Prolactin-inducible protein; ACADVL: Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; PTGS1: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig 3: Study design. Fecal suspension samples from patients with CKD1 (n = 12) and CKD4 (n = 17) were processed using the GeLC-MS protocol, followed by high resolution LC-MS/MS. Functional annotation and pathway analysis were performed on both human and bacterial protein identifications, followed by ELISA for verification of proteomics results. CKD: chronic kidney disease; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; ALPI: Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase; LGALS3BP: Galectin-3-binding protein; AMY2A: Pancreatic alpha-amylase; PLA2: Phospholipase A2; AMY2B: Alpha-amylase 2B; PIP: Prolactin-inducible protein; ACADVL: Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; PTGS1: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1.