Fig 1: (A) Fluorescent immunolabeling study depicting transdifferentiation of MSCs within 3D‐GF with electrical stimuli (w/ES) (first row) or chemical stimuli (w/CS) (second row) vs. undifferentiated control MSCs in 3D‐GF with neither chemical treatment nor electrical treatment (third row) and undifferentiated control MSCs on a 2D‐TCPS plate with neither chemical treatment nor electrical treatment (sixth row). MSCs seeded on conductive 2D graphene sheet (2D‐G) (fourth row) and in non‐conductive 3D gelatin hydrogels/scaffolds (3D‐Gel) (fifth row) with electrical stimulation (w/ES) were used as other key controls to decouple the effect of 2D vs. 3D structure and conductivity. ICC staining was conducted with the following glial cell markers: S100, S100β, P75, and MBP staining with red (Cy3) and nuclear staining with blue (DAPI). The initial cell density was 5 × 105 cells cm−2, and fluorescent images were acquired after 10 days of transdifferentiation. (B) Western blot analysis results for selected S100, S100β, P75, and MBP markers for 3D‐GF w/ES, 2D‐G w/ES, and 3D‐Gel w/ES. Blot images were acquired after 7 days of transdifferentiation as end point measurements. (C) RT‐PCR gel image of S100, S100β, and NGF marker expression for MSCs in 3D‐GF transdifferentiated with ES, MSCs in 2D‐TCP transdifferentiated with chemical stimulation (w/CS), and control MSCs in 3D‐GF without ES or CS. Gel images were acquired after 10 days of transdifferentiation. (D) q‐PCR results showing the relative expression of S100, S100β, P75, and MBP markers for MSCs 2D‐G w/ES, 3D‐Gel w/ES, 3D‐GF, and 3D‐GF w/ES. GAPDH was used as a housekeeping gene. qPCR analysis was performed after 10 days of transdifferentiation. * Represents a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).